{"id":27220,"date":"2022-12-24T16:12:38","date_gmt":"2022-12-24T22:12:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/?page_id=27220"},"modified":"2026-01-23T09:24:26","modified_gmt":"2026-01-23T15:24:26","slug":"canis-lupus","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/canis-lupus\/","title":{"rendered":"Canis Lupus"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.22&#8243;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Canis-Lupus-copy.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Canis Lupus copy&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Mission of the Project<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||3px||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]Years ago, while camping on Isle Royale in Lake Superior, I heard the sounds of wolves howling in the distant wilderness. Ever since that time I have been captivated by these mysterious animals.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 As a composer, I have been on a similar quest to create a unique musical language that is transformative and effectively expresses the untamed wildness and mystery of nature. The identification with the wolf, both its power and its weakness, led me to an unexpected path of discovery. In my search for a primal source of music, I found in the howl of wolves a seamless integration of passion and the profundity of nature. This has led to several compositions incorporating the sounds of wolves and several new, projected composition projects. These compositions were created incorporating the recorded howling, choruses, yelping, and growling of wolves.\u00a0 There are no electronically generated sounds involved in my work &#8211; just edited recordings from wolves in the wild.\u00a0 I employ an advanced sound-editing program to alter the resonance and dynamics of the sounds.\u00a0 With these compositions, it is my mission to create great music that exhibits the beauty of these creatures and, secondarily,\u00a0 furthers the cause of the re-introduction of wolves in the wild.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Current Compositions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HgYNSUYg8mo&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Canis Lupus-Lamentation, <\/strong>for digital acoustics, and flutes\u00a0is a short movement lamenting the loss of wolves that have been reintroduced in the wild over the last 20 years.\u00a0 \u00a0The instruments that I have chosen to perform this piece are the multi-chambered clay whistle, a terra cotta whistle in the shape of a human skull, and an overtone flute that I had made specifically for me by a Serbian craftsman. This piece premiered at the International Wolf Symposium in Minneapolis in 2017.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/Yc_XOrhEGZU&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"William Grosvenor Neil:  Canis Lupus Nocturne\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/vT8DsTB2TQA?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>Canis Lupus-Nocturne, <\/strong>for string quartet and digital acoustic, was developed through the exploration of wolf howls, growls, snarls, barks, and choruses.\u00a0 My goal in integrating the sounds of wolves with the string quartet was to make them equally passionate and expressive driving the dynamic and emotional climaxes of the music with equal intensity.\u00a0 Programatically, I have placed the wolves deep in the forest,\u00a0 in an environment that allows the string quartet to evoke the mystery and primal energy associated with these animals. I make musical references to the controversy of re-introducing these animals in the wild and the history of violent annihilation by hunters.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/B0sQiaiKpjc?si=Lp0XQJqIpMLeFmrI&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/Yc_XOrhEGZU?si=bN5RTb555rWhBXIc&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><b>Canis Lupus-Lamentation<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0<\/span><\/b> for Piccolo Clarinet and Digital Acoustics laments the loss of wolves that have been reintroduced in the wild over the last 20 years.\u00a0 Specifically the alfa wolf \u201c06\u201d<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>that thrived in Yellowstone National Park, raising her cups against all odds, including hunters and competing wolf packs was a source of inspiration for me.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Besides the sounds of wolves edited and compiled to create vast sonorites, the digital part also includes the sounds of the multi-chambered clay whistle, a terra cotta whistle in the shape of a human skull, and an overtone flute that I had made specifically for me by a Serbian craftsman. These ancient forms of human musical expression blend with the primal sounds of the wolves in the wild.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The piece reaches a climax that alludes to the death of \u201c06\u201d by a lone hunter who selfishly pursued the celebrated wolf as trophy of defiance for defending the rights of hunters.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Future Compositions<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Canis Lupus-Evocation <\/strong>for violoncello, piano, and digital acoustics is also proposed and can be commissioned<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<header class=\"entry-header\">\n<h1 class=\"entry-title section-title\"><strong>Bios<\/strong><\/h1>\n<\/header>\n<div class=\"entry-content\">\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/williamneil.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/06\/Bill-Neil-168.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-large wp-image-4647\" src=\"https:\/\/williamneil.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/WN_Shot1_166-1024x683.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 474px) 100vw, 474px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/williamneil.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/WN_Shot1_166-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/williamneil.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/WN_Shot1_166-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/williamneil.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/WN_Shot1_166-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/williamneil.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/WN_Shot1_166.jpg 1500w\" alt=\"\" width=\"474\" height=\"316\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>William Grosvenor Neil\u2019s<\/strong>\u00a0compositions present the listener with\u00a0<i>an intense brilliant effect<\/i>\u00a0(FANFARE MAGAZINE) and\u00a0<i>represents contemporary writing at its most intellectual probing\u00a0\u00a0<\/i>(CHICAGO TRIBUNE).\u00a0 His\u00a0<i>extremely characteristic harmonic world<\/i>\u00a0 (CLASSICAL CD REVIEW)\u00a0<em>is fundamental to the unfolding of his music,<\/em>\u00a0and<em>\u00a0the range of sonic experiences\u00a0<\/em>(in his music)<em>\u00a0is astounding<\/em>\u00a0(SOUNDBOARD).\u00a0 In the 1980\u2019s Neil was appointed as the first composer-in-residence with the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the first residency of its kind with a major American opera company. \u00a0His opera,\u00a0<em>The Guilt of Lillian Sloan<\/em>\u00a0was premiered by Lyric in June of 1986. \u00a0He then went on to produce award-winning concerts and events at the New Music Chicago Spring Festival for several years. He has composed music for celebrated musicians including John Bruce Yeh and Chicago Pro Musica, guitarist Michael Lorimer and soprano Barbara Ann Martin. \u00a0His\u00a0<em>Rhapsody for Violin and Orchestra<\/em>, commissioned by the Abelson Foundation, was premiered in Prague by the Czech National Symphony conducted by Paul Freeman has been recorded and released on the New Albany label. \u00a0\u00a0The Rome Prize and the Charles Ives Award are among his honors and his work has been recognized through grants from the National Endowment of the Arts, the Illinois Arts Council, fellowships from the Fulbright Commission, and the American Symphony Orchestra League, and awards from ASCAP and BMI. \u00a0In 2008 he served as the McKnight Visiting Composer with the American Composers Forum for the city of Winona, MN.\u00a0 Significant performances include the premiere of his piano trio,\u00a0<em>Notte dei Cristalli<\/em>, at the Teatro Alla Specola in Padova by Trio Malipiero, the premiere of his Symphony No. 1 (<em>Sinfonia<\/em>\u00a0<em>delle \u00a0Gioie<\/em>) by The La Crosse Symphony Orchestra, directed by Alexander Platt, and the premiere of\u00a0\u00a0<em>Out of Darkness Into Light\u00a0<\/em>at the Cameron Art Museum in Wilmington, NC.\u00a0 \u00a0Most recently, Italian pianist, Giacomo Dalla Libera premiered\u00a0<em>Nocturne No. 1, Prelude No. 3, and Tango No. 2\u00a0<\/em>at Morely College in London, and clarinetist, F\u00e0tima Boix Canto\u2019 premiered\u00a0<em>Concerto for Piccolo Clarinet and Chamber Orchestra<\/em>\u00a0at the Music Academy of the West in Santa Barbara, CA. \u00a0 Recent CD releases have featured his music including\u00a0<em>Out of Darkness Into Light\u00a0<\/em>on Ravello Records,\u00a0<em>Spiritual Adaptation to Higher Altitudes\u00a0<\/em>on Mark Masters Recordings,\u00a0<em>Six Preludes for piano performed by pianist, Martin Jones\u00a0<\/em>on PnOVA Recordings.\u00a0 \u00a0His music was featured on several live broadcasts on WFMT radio in Chicago in 2019 including his\u00a0<em>Six Preludes<\/em>\u00a0for piano solo by pianist Martin Jones.\u00a0 In the fall of 2020, Neil served as an Artist in Residence at Badlands National Park in South Dakota.\u00a0 Most recently, his Sacrum Creaturea was premeried by the Artaria String Quartet at the 2021 Stringwood Chamber Music Festival in Lanesboro, MN and The Dubuque Symphony Orchestra will premiere Driftless Spring in June of 2022.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"color_9\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-27249 alignnone size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/abfbf1_c279b0d545bf4e95841f3367379fe437.webp\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"840\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/abfbf1_c279b0d545bf4e95841f3367379fe437.webp 560w, http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/abfbf1_c279b0d545bf4e95841f3367379fe437-200x300.webp 200w, http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/abfbf1_c279b0d545bf4e95841f3367379fe437-480x720.webp 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/>Born in Alicante (Spain), <strong>F\u00e1tima Boix<\/strong> currently holds the Second and Solo E-flat Clarinet position at the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra and teaches E-flat Clarinet at the Sibelius Academy in Helsinki.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"wixGuard\">\u200b<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"color_9\">F\u00e0tima has performed in halls like the Lincoln Center (New York), the Berliner Philharmonie and Suntory Hall (Tokyo) and has played in various festivals as Luosto Classic, Crusell Week, Helsinki Festival,\u00a0Ny Musik Teater<\/span><span class=\"color_9\">, artArctica (Finland), Aurora Chamber Music (Sweden), Usedomer Music Festival (Germany), Pacific Music Festival (Japan) and Music Academy of the West (USA). She has premiered pieces by composers like Lauri Supponen, Sebastian Hilli, Sergio Castrill\u00f3n, Jos\u00e9 Luis G\u00f3mez Aleixandre, Riikka Talvitie and William Neil\u00a0 and has recorded for the Finnish National Radio YLE.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"color_9\">She is a versatile musician interested in a variety of styles, from classical to contemporary music, but also free improvisation, electroacoustic music and interdisciplinary arts.\u00a0 She has played with a wide number of ensembles, including the Oulu Symphony Orchestra, the Tapiola Sinfonietta, the Baltic Sea Youth Philarmonic, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra, the Danish National Symphony Orchestra, the Finnish National Opera Orchestra and the Lahti Symphony Orchestra.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"font_8\"><span class=\"color_9\">F\u00e0tima has also self-produced and performed in several interdisciplinary projects, like &#8220;Ehtym\u00e4t\u00f6n valo\/Endless light&#8221; (classical\/contemporary\/electronic\/folk music and poetry) and &#8220;ONE-ABSENCE -In memoriam\u00a0H. M. G\u00f3recki&#8221; (G\u00f3recki&#8217;s Trio for clarinet, cello and piano reinterpreted with dance and movement).<\/span><\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>Resources<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>And here is an interesting video related to the reintroduction of wolves in the wild.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"FAMILY \u2013 A new short film asking @SecHaaland to relist the wolf under the Endangered Species Act.\" width=\"1080\" height=\"608\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8ZWmfMK6bfc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/PvV896qE8Ks?si=tRSNvLvsJvIgokdX&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; link_option_url=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/JhTfur8vwyI?si=XVlniLmIU1oeDmb1&#8243; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_code][et_pb_video src=&#8221;http:\/\/youtu.be\/JhTfur8vwyI?si=XVlniLmIU1oeDmb1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/bVN9sdpmqBg?si=N5g-Fu6moWhkBSxd&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;][\/et_pb_video][et_pb_video src=&#8221;https:\/\/youtu.be\/9F64Gp8FCus?si=cqVcx9NtqC3imTRl&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_video][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><strong>Articles<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\">I wrote the following article for Cambridge Scholars Publication,\u00a0<em>The Marriage of Literature and Music,<\/em> edited by Nick Ceramella.<em>\u00a0<\/em>My Canis Lupus compositions are equally inspired by the most recent scientific research regarding wolves in the wild, and literature that romanticizes and often borders on\u00a0anthropomorphism.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-26812 alignnone size-large\" src=\"http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/A-Primal-Source-of-Music-Article-Image-1024x576.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" srcset=\"http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/A-Primal-Source-of-Music-Article-Image-980x551.jpg 980w, http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/A-Primal-Source-of-Music-Article-Image-480x270.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1024px, 100vw\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">The theme of the animal spirit in the wild manifests in Jack London\u2019s\u00a0Arctic novels and are\u00a0potent sources of musical inspiration. <i>The Call of the Wild<\/i> (1903), chronicles the journey of a half-breed husky named Buck, who begins as a slave to several cruel owners in Alaska and eventually becomes a sled dog for a loving master, John Thorton. Buck emerges through struggle and primordial instinct as a leader in the wild in an environment that eventually frees him from the bonds of mankind. Throughout the novel, the most important passages that rise above the fundamental quest for survival, describe a primal lure in very poetic and musical terms. Indeed, London\u2019s description of the richly soulful howl of wolves that allures Buck, speaks to the very meaning and essence of life and to its cosmic source. <i>White Fang<\/i> (1906), the companion piece to <i>The Call of the Wild<\/i>, chronicles the transformation of a wild animal driven by the hunger to survive from the rewards of being faithful to man. <i>Love of Life<\/i> (1905) places two gold miners returning from the wilderness in the path of a hungry pack of wolves. As their journey progresses, the miners begin to associate the sound of wolves howling with the terrible threat of their demise. These three novels offer numerous transformative passages as sources of artistic inspiration, and this essay will inquire into the musical composition indirectly inspired by the sounds of wolves.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>Nature has provided a source of inspiration for artists throughout the ages. In the Romantic era, Beethoven confessed his love of nature when he said, \u201cHow happy I am to be able to walk among the shrubs, the trees, the woods, the grass, and the rocks! For the woods, the trees and the rocks give man the resonance he needs.\u201d<\/span><span class=\"s2\"> (<\/span><span class=\"s3\">all-about-beethoven.com<\/span><span class=\"s2\">) <\/span><span class=\"s1\">These three works of Jack London celebrate the value of animals in nature, which is demonstrated particularly well by the pairing of man and husky in the Alaskan wild for survival. London was personally familiar with the science of seeking food, warmth, and transport in a frozen environment having spent some time in Alaska during the Klondike Gold Rush. London\u2019s individual perspective of man and dog as partners in the quest for fulfillment beyond survival is fundamental to the development of the plot in each of these three novels. Jack London\u2019s writing is often transformational\u2014it is fueled by something that drives the characters from one state to another.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>As a composer, I have been on a similar quest to create a unique musical language that is transformative and effectively expresses the untamed wildness and mystery of nature. The identification with the wolf, both its power and its weakness, led me to an unexpected path of discovery. In my search for a primal source of music, I found in the howl of wolves a seamless integration of passion and the profundity of nature. Before I delve into the passages in London\u2019s works which were the impetus to my discoveries, an examination of the science of sound as perceived by the brain will be informative. <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">&#8220;Music is primal. It affects all of us, but in very personal, unique ways,&#8221; said Burdette, a neurologist at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina. (Burdette 2017: n.p.) It can be argued that each of our interactions with music are completely different. However, it remains that music has an equally powerful effect on the brain regardless of how each of us interprets it. Fundamentally, music and the emotions that are evoked, stimulate our memories.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Our brains can react to music positively or negatively as liked or disliked, but the degrees in between often relate to the intensity of the emotion felt or what is associated with the memory and whether it was a pleasant or unpleasant memory.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>Moreover, experiencing sound in the natural world elevates this response from being purely emotional to a response that resonates with the spirit. To be moved by art in this context, for example, by the sound of wolves resonating in the natural acoustic, can be astonishing as expressed in this description in the <i>Love of Life<\/i>: \u201c\u2026the call, the many-noted call, sounding more luringly and compelling than ever before\u201d (London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>44<span class=\"s5\">)<\/span><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The howl of wolves heard in the wild can range unmistakably from awe-inspiring to terrifying particularly as it relates to survival. What then does science say about why and when wolves howl amongst themselves?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Within the last 20 years, extensive, focused research on the howl of wolves has revealed some interesting facts about why and when wolves howl.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The primary reason wolves howl is to communicate with one another when they are roaming through vast territories hunting for food.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Since howling can be heard for miles, wolves are able to reconnect with the pack when they have been wandering far away in search for prey.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Howling can also serve as a reunion call when a pack member has returned.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Each wolf produces its own unique quality of sound when it howls and this can identify them individually <span class=\"s6\">(<\/span><span class=\"s7\">Palacios <\/span>et al. 2007: 607).<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>When a lone wolf howls and is identified as being a member of another pack it alerts the rival pack that a threat is near. The sound quality of wolf howls have been studied extensively (Harrington 2000: n.p.) and has revealed some interesting observations about the range of frequencies in the howling.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>When wolves howl together in a chorus they are able to modulate the frequencies in such a way as to create a more complex sound that tricks a rival pack listening into believing there are more wolves present.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This phenomenon is called the Beau Geste Effect (Harrington 2000: n.p.) and provides evidence of a collective defense intelligence among wolves.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Wolf packs each have a specific range of frequencies among them that identifies them as a group.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>When a rival pack trespasses on their territory, the defending pack will howl at a lower pitch indicating to the intruders that they are ready to fight.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Outside of communicating with other pack members, wolves often howl on their own in what appears to be purely for their pleasure and individual expression.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It is this phenomenon that humans most identify with as the wolves appears to be expressing themselves and declaring:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>\u201cI am\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m howling because I can.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s8\">Indeed, this fascination has inspired literature and folk tales through the ages. <\/span>In folklore, wolves are often portrayed as conniving and evil. The timeless stories, Aesop<span class=\"s9\">\u2019<\/span>s Fables, which are believed to have been written in the mid to late sixth century, portrayed the wolf in over two dozen moral tales.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>For example <i>The Lamb and the Wolf,<\/i> and <i>The Nurse and the Wolf<\/i> depict the wolf as a threat;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>The Shepard and the Wolf<\/i>, as cunning; and<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><i>The<\/i> <i>Wolf and the Crane<\/i>, as defiant. (Aesops 1999<span class=\"s8\">: n.p.) <\/span>This stereotyping of wolves as<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>malevolent beasts has its roots in the Christian New Testament:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>\u2018Beware of false prophets, which come to you in sheep\u2019s clothing, but inwardly they are ravening wolves\u2019<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(King James Version, Gospel of Matthew 7: 15) <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>One of most dramatic allusions is found in Bram Stoker\u2019s \u201cDracula.\u201d<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p5\"><span class=\"s10\"><span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u201cThere seemed a strange stillness over everything; but as I listened I heard as if from down below in the valley the howling of many wolves.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The Count<span class=\"s11\">\u2019<\/span>s eyes gleamed, and he said:-&#8216;Listen to them\u2013the children of the night, What music they make.!\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\">In my own region of Wisconsin, USA, Robert E. Gard and L.G. Gard\u2019s book, <i>Wisconsin Lore,<\/i> and <i>The Beast of Bray Road<\/i> by Linda S. Godfrey the wolf is profiled as a large wolf or doglike creature with human features that was first reported as sighted in Elkhorn, WI, in 1949.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The story describes this creature as a beast that stands up on its hind legs and has been spotted eating with its front paws turned upward like human palms.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Tales like these and the classic conflict between farmers and predators has continued to demonize the wolf in this region.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>An American survey conducted in the years 2001-2009 found that \u201c656 of the respondents had an increasing fear of wolves despite years of conservation efforts with the state of Wisconsin\u201d. (Treves et al.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>2013: 320) However, a rising awareness of the importance of wolves in stabilizing the natural ecology has brought the wolf into the spotlight as a partner in keeping nature in balance.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Perceiving the wolf as an important part of the fabric of nature versus a singular demon reflects London\u2019s vision in his literature, which highlights the romantic bond between man and the wolf through the common quest for survival in the wild.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In this way, literature can change the way we perceive ourselves in the universe creating an opportunity to understand ourselves through the inspiration of the writer.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\">London<span class=\"s9\">\u2019<\/span>s word paintings remind me of the work of the American artist Andrew Wyeth.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Portraits of the people in his life, and the settings that he paints them in, show equally the dreams of the sitters and the painter himself.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>London<span class=\"s9\">\u2019<\/span>s writing in <i>The<\/i> <i>Call of the Wild<\/i> similarly incorporates the dreams of his main characters, John Thorton and his husky, Buck.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Throughout the novel the most important passages that rise above the fundamental quest for survival describe, in graphic terms, the mysterious environment that man and wolf find themselves in together, simultaneously describing the rich sonority of the howls and the man\u2019s interpretation of the howl as a sad song.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A sad song in a minor key-the most natural of tonalities that resonates with the past so well and certainly the sadness and lament of a world that is still and frozen: <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>15)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\">\u201cWith the aurora borealis flaming coldly overhead, or the stars leaping in the frost dance, and the land numb and frozen under its pall of snow, this song of the huskies might have been the defiance of life, only it was pitched in minor key, with long drawn wailings and half-sobs, and was more the pleading of life, the articulate travail of existence.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It was an old song, old as the breed itself-one of the first songs of the younger world in a day when songs were sad.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\"><span class=\"s1\">In <i>White Fang<\/i>, the theme of sadness, one that is arresting in the silence, gives a special meaning to the darkness in nature:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>3)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p9\">\u201c<span class=\"s1\">A long wailing cry, fiercely sad, from somewhere in the darkness, had interrupted him.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>He stopped to listen to it:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>then he finished his sentence with a wave of his hand toward the sound of the cry, \u201c\u2014one of them?\u2019\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\">Is it only man who interprets the sound as sad?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Do these same intervals and timbres heard by the wolf have the same effect on its brain that evokes sadness?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Perhaps what man interprets as sad, the wolf registers as loss, as in the memory of a pack member that died or some game that got away.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>What, then, are the more fundamental common responses by man and wolf to the sound of howling?<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In <i>The Call of the Wild <\/i>there is a passage that expresses a primal quest to connect with our ancestors that is common to man and wolf:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>12)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p8\"><span class=\"s10\">\u201c<\/span>And when, on the still cold nights, he pointed his nose at a star and howled long and wolflike it was his ancestors, dead and dust, pointing nose at star and howling down through the centuries and through him.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>And his cadences were their cadences which voiced their woe and what to them was meaning of the stillness, and the cold, and dark.\u201d <span class=\"s10\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p7\">London then develops the theme in these descriptive passages from purely emotional and sensorial to examining the impetus behind the howling as an expression of ecstasy for life at its peak.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\"><span class=\"s3\">In <i>The Call of the Wild,<\/i> <\/span><span class=\"s1\">London suggests that wolves in the wild, besides howling to communicate, are howling in<\/span> <span class=\"s1\">agony of pain, or because they are hungry, or howling because they know they are alive as this passage suggests:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>18)<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p11\">\u201cThere is an ecstasy that marks the summit of life, and beyond which life cannot rise, And such is the paradox of living, this ecstasy comes when one is more alive, and it comes as a complete forgetfulness that one is alive.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This ecstasy, this forgetfulness of living, comes to the artist, caught up and out of himself in a sheet of flame; it comes to the soldier, war-mad on a stricken field and refusing quarter; and it came to Buck, leading the pack, sounding the old wolf-cry, straining after the food that was alive and that fled swiftly before him through the moonlight.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>He was sounding the depth of his nature, and of the parts of his nature that were deeper than he, going back into the womb of Time.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In a similar passage in <i>White Fang<\/i> the effect of the call of wolves has a similar effect on man as they perceive a desperate vitality in the wolf\u2019s cry:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>2)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p11\">\u201cAn hour went by, and<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>a second hour.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The pale light of the short sunless day was beginning to fade, when a faint far cry arose on the still air.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It soared upward with a swift rush, till it reached its topmost note, where it persisted, palpitant and tense, and then slowly died away.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It might have been a lost soul wailing, had it not been invested with a certain sad fierceness and hungry eagerness.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>\u2026A second cry arose, piercing the silence with needle like shrillness.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Both men located the sound.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>It was to the rear, somewhere in the snow expanse they had just traversed.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A third and answering cry arose, also to the rear and to the left of the second cry.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">In both of these descriptive passages it is important to note that silence is the paramount element in rendering the howls as uniquely expressive.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">What makes the sound of wolves howling in nature so dramatic and spellbinding is the manner which it penetrates the silence.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Equally dramatic are the passages in London\u2019s novels that pair the envelopes of sound and silence with light and darkness.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>For example,<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>in these<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>passages in <i>White Fang:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(<\/i>London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>4)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p12\">\u201cCry after cry, and answering cries, were turning the silence into a bedlam.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>From every side the cries arose, and the dogs betrayed their fear by huddling together and so close to the fire that their hair was scorched by the heat.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>\u2026At once began to rise the cries that were fiercely sad-cries that called through the darkness and cold to one another and answered back.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>\u2026At midday the sky to the South warmed to rose-colored, and marked where the bulge of the earth intervened between the meridian sun and the northern world.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>But the rose-colored swiftly faded.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The grey light of day that remained lasted until three o\u2019clock, when it, too, faded, and the pall of the Arctic night descended upon the lone and silent land.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">In the final section of <i>The Call of the Wild<\/i>, London underscores the final transformation from domestication to animal in the wild by defining the distant howl as a beckoning that must be answered.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>(London 1981:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>34)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p13\">\u201cSo peremptorily did these shades beckon him, that each day mankind and the claims of mankind slipped farther from him.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Deep in the forest a call was sounding, and as often as he heard this call, mysteriously thrilling and luring, he felt compelled to turn his back upon the fire and beaten earth around it, and to plunge into the forest, and on and on, he knew not where or why; nor did he wonder where or why, the call sounding imperiously, deep in the forest.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\">The multi-faceted descriptions of wolves howling in the wild found in London\u2019s Arctic Tales, <i>The Call of the Wild<\/i>, <i>White Fang<\/i>, and <i>Love of Life<\/i> illuminate the transformative themes of courage, resourcefulness and strength from human beings in the form of the wolf and half-breed in the wild.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>These passages illuminate the transformative themes from four perspectives.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Emotionally, as a sad song in the wild;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>physically, as the wolves drive from one state of existence to another;<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>spiritually, as they express ecstasy for life at its peak; and naturally, as in the way sound is rendered in silence. <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>For some time as a composer I have been pursuing an approach to composing that embodies all of these characteristics in one style of composition.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>These aesthetics were foremost in my mind when I composed a work for string quartet and digital acoustics composed of the sounds of wolves crying, whining, growling and howling both solo and in chorus.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The piece <i>Canis Lupus-Nocturne<\/i>, is part of a larger work, <i>Sacrum Creaturae <\/i>(Sacred Creatures) and is<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>inspired by three species at risk in the natural world:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>wolves, dolphins, and birds.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A recording from the premiere of<i> Canis Lupus-Nocturne<\/i> can be heard on my website:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/williamneil.net\"><span class=\"s12\">williamneil.net<\/span><\/a>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A description of the music follows.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p10\">The piece opens with a tremolo minor chord that is played so softly as to emulate the pure murmuring of sound in the wilderness.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The minor triad embodies a universal tone of sadness that colors the unfolding chorus of wolf howls in this movement.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A single howl is heard in the distance and then a second wolf joins in the chorus.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In my studio, each of the individual wolf calls were digitally tuned to a single note.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The tension than rises over time as they howl in and out of tune with one another, rising and falling from the silence.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A solo violin enters over the wolves calling in chorus.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The chorus builds as the sound moves closer into to the foreground.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The violin solo slowly oscillates over chorus of violin, viola and violoncello of the quartet and together the two parallel choruses of wolves and strings begin rising in volume and density.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The music pauses and the space is silent for a moment.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>A violent and loud interruption in the quartet breaks the silence.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>When the wolves return, their chorus is at its peak, the quartet begins to fade away.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>This passage ends with a compressed succession of minor triads in the string quartet capsulizing the sadness expressed by the minor chord and the minor third interval prevalent in the howl of the wolves.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>With the wolves now absent, the quartet develops this opening music in pure musical terms.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The wolves return in a cacophony of growls and barks that underscores the primal fire in these animals, passionate in their will to survive.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>At the very peak of the movement all of the primal elements, the agony of survival, and ecstasy for life are unleashed.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>The simple chorus of wolves is now magnified digitally into a thunderous chorus of sound accompanied by the string quartet in unison and octaves.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>And then, in a descending cascade, all of the voices dramatically unwind in a counterpoint of cries, whining and howling that <span class=\"s13\">diminishes <\/span>to a quiet murmur.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Finally, the sad minor chord from the beginning returns and is softly struck and fades into silence.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">The success of this premiere performance has opened up the possibility of further exploration in this genre of blending sounds from the wild within a musical composition. <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Just as London has conjured a story of life\u2019s origin from the perspective of the wolf, I look forward to continuing to develop an unique musical language that can tell this story of primal being in musical terms.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>In closing, Jack London should have the final word regarding pursing one\u2019s passion: <span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>\u201cI&#8217;d rather sing one wild song and burst my heart with it, than live a thousand years watching my digestion and being afraid of the wet.\u201d<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><b>Bibliography<\/b><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">London. Jack. 1981. <i>The Call of the Wild. <\/i>Ed. Andrew Sinclair. London: Penguin Books<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">London. Jack. 1981. <i>White Fang. <\/i>Ed. Andrew Sinclair. London: Penguin Books<\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">London. Jack. 1981. <i> Life of Life. <\/i>Ed. Andrew Sinclair. London: Penguin Books<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Burdette. Jonathan. 2017. Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in North Carolina. 2017. <i>Science Daily<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Soiurce: https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2017\/04\/170412181341.htm<\/p>\n<p class=\"p16\">Palacios, V., Font, E. and M\u00e1rquez, R. (2007),\u2018Iberian wolf howls: Acoustic<\/p>\n<p class=\"p16\">structure, individual variation, and a comparison with North American<\/p>\n<p class=\"p16\">populations\u2019, <i>Journal of Mammalogy<\/i>, 88: 3, pp. 606\u201313.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p18\">Harrington, F. H. (2000), \u2018What\u2019s in a howl?\u2019, http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/ wolves\/howl.html. Accessed 11 September 2015.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p19\">Aesop. (1999). The Lamb and the Wolf. In D.L. Daily (Ed.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p19\">Aesop. (1999). The Nurse and the Wolf. In D.L. Daily (Ed.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p19\">Aesop. (1999). The Shepard and the Wolf. In D.L. Daily (Ed.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p19\">Aesop. (1999). The Wolf and the Crane. In D.L. Daily (Ed.)<\/p>\n<p class=\"p21\">Stoker, B. (1997), <i>Dracula<\/i>, New York: Norton Critical Editions.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Gard E. Robert &amp; L. G. Gard. 1962 <i>Wisconsin Lore.<\/i> Madison:<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Wisconsin House Ltd.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p6\">Godfrey. Linda S. 2014 <i> The Beast of Bray Road<\/i>.<span class=\"Apple-converted-space\">\u00a0 <\/span>Amazon Kindle<\/p>\n<p class=\"p21\">Treves, A., Naughton-Treves, L. and Shelley, V. (2013), \u2018Longitudinal analysis<\/p>\n<p class=\"p21\">Image by Elliot Medow used by permission.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;section&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;3.22&#8243;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;http:\/\/www.thecomposerstudio.com\/houseconcerts\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Canis-Lupus-copy.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Canis Lupus copy&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;] Mission of the Project [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||3px||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.6.6&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]Years ago, while camping on Isle Royale in Lake Superior, I heard the sounds of wolves howling in the distant wilderness. 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